နားေထာင္ၾကရေအာင္(Listening Skills)

နားေထာင္တာပဲ ေရးၾကီးခၢင္က်ယ္လုပ္ျပီး သူ post တင္စရာမ႐ွိတိုင္း ေရးေနလိုက္တာလို ့ ေျပာခံရမွာဆိုးလို ့ Listening ဟာအလုပ္ထဲမွာ သို့ Business ေတၢလုပ္ရာမွာဘယ္ေလာက္အေရးၾကီးလဲဆိုတာကို ေျပာခ်င္ပါတယ္။

Listening(နားေထာင္ျခင္း)နဲ့Hearing(ၾကားျခင္း)ေတၢဆိုတာေတၢက နားေကာင္းေကာင္း ၾကားသူတိုင္းလုပ္ေန၊ျဖစ္ေပၚေနတဲ့ Daily Cases ေတၢပါ။ဒါေပမယ္.သူတို ့ႏွစ္ခုရဲ့ရလာဒ္ေတၢကInformation ေတၢဖလွယ္ျခင္းမွာ ကၢာျခားပါတယ္။ (နားေထာင္ျခင္း)Listening is more than just (ၾကားျခင္း) hearing what a speaker says .
Listening is interpreting, or making sense of, the sounds that you hear .ဆိုေတာ့

Hearing is simply the reception of sounds by your ears. တဲ့...

ဒီေတာ ့ Listening is a mental activity. It requires concentration, cooperation, and an open mind.
Hearing is a physical perception.ေပါ့။

လုပ္ငန္းေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာဆိုရင္ Most Employee ေတၢဟာ တစ္ေန ့တာလုပ္ငန္းမွာ အခ်ိန္၆၀ရာခိုင္ႏွဳန္းေလာက္ကို Listening လုပ္ရင္းနဲ ့ကုန္ဆံုးေစတယ္လလို့ စစ္တမ္းေတၢကဆိုပါတယ္။တစ္ခ်ိဳ ့Senior Officers ေတၢဆိုရင္တဲ့ တစ္ေန ့တာ လုပ္ငန္းရဲ. ၈၀ ရာခိုင္ႏွဳန္းေလာက္ကို Telephone conversation ေတၢ၊ face- to- face conversations ေတၢ ၊Meeting ေတၢ၊ Interview meetings ေတၢ၊ Complaint Handling ေတၢ စသည္တို ့မွာ Listening လုပ္ရင္းကုန္ဆံုးေစတယ္လို ့ဆိုပါတယ္။

Over all ေျပာမယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ Listening လုပ္တဲ့လူတိုင္းဟာ Conversation တစ္ခုလံုးရဲ ့ ၂၅ % ကိုသာ ေသခ်ာရေလ့႐ွိပါတယ္။ျပီးေတာ့သိထားတဲ့ အေရးၾကီးတဲ့Message ေတၢ Info ေတၢဆိုရင္ေတာင္ ၂လၾကာရင္ တစ္၀က္ေလာက္သာသာပဲမွတ္မိေတာ့တယ္ လို ့ Research ေတၢကဆိုပါတယ္။ဒါေပမယ့္
This has not always been the case ပဲ။ ဒါတင္မက သတိထားသင့္တာကေတာ့ Documents ေတၢဖတ္လို့နားမလည္ရင္ေသခ်ာေအာင္ ျပန္ဖတ္လို ့ရေပမယ့္ Verbal Communication မွာမမိလိုက္တဲ့Messages ေတၢကို (အသံဖမ္းထားတဲ့နည္းကလၢဲလို ့) ျပန္ေျပာျပဖို ့ေတာ္ေတာ္ခက္လိမ့္မယ္။
တစ္ခ်ိဳ ့ Business ေတၢမွာဆိုရင္ Listening efficiency /effectiveness ရဖို ့ Training ေပးျပီးေတာင္ လုပ္ယူၾကတယ္ဆိုပါတယ္။

Studies ေတၢကေဖာ္ျပတာကေတာ့ လူတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ တစ္ေန ့တာမွာ ေယဘူယ်အားျဖင့္
ေျပာတာထက္ နားေထာင္တာပိုမ်ားတယ္၊ေရးတာထက္ ဖတ္တဲ့အခ်ိန္ပိုမ်ားတယ္၊Messages ပို ့တာထက္ လက္ခံရတာပိုမ်ား တယ္ဆိုျပီးဆိုထားပါတယ္။ေနာက္ လူတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ တစ္မိနစ္မွာ စကားလံုး ၁၀၀ ကေန ၂၀၀ (Average rate)အထိေျပာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။နားေထာင္တဲ့ အခါၾကေတာ့ တစ္မိနစ္ကို စကားလံုး ၄၀၀ အထိလက္ခံႏိုင္တယ္ဆိုပါတယ္။

Listening လုပ္တာမွာ ၃မ်ိဳးကၢဲေသးတယ္ဆိုုပဲ။

1. The first type is casual, or informal. You usually don't need to remember details.(ဥပမာ - သူငယ္ခ်င္းအခ်င္းခ်င္းေျပာတာမ်ိဳး။သာမာန္ပဲ)

2. The second type of listening is active, or formal. This type of listening takes concentration and requires that the listener absorb details.(ဥပမာ -Boss ကေျပာတာ၊Meeting မွာေျပာတာ၊ Interviews မွာေျပာတာ၊Classes ေတၢမွာေျပာတာစသည္ျဖင့္ ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာနားေထာင္ဖို ့လိုတဲ့ေနရာေတၢမွာ ေပါ့)

3. The last type of listening is nonverbal listening.(ဥပမာ- Body Lunguage ကိုၾကည့္ျပီးနားလည္တာေပါ့)

Speakers ေျပာတဲ့သူေတၢလိုပဲ နားေထာင္တဲ့ သူ(Listeners)ေတၢကလည္း Speaker ရဲ ့ verbal and nonverbal (Body Lunguage) ေတၢ ကို Listen လုပ္ႏိုင္္ဖို ့Ready ျပင္ထားဖို ့လိုပါတယ္။Listeners ေတၢဟာ
Speaker , Message,Other Listeners ,Physical Conditions ,and Emotional State ဆိုတာေတၢကို Listen လုပ္တဲ့ေနရာမွာ အနဲအမ်ားမဆို ၾကံဳေတၢ ့ေနရမွာပါ။ဒီဟာေတၢမွာ ပထမ ၃ခု ကို Listener အေနနဲ ့ ျပဳျပင္ေျပာင္းလို ့မရေတာင္ ေနာက္က Physical နဲ ့Emotional Conditions ေတၢကိုေတာ့ သတိထားေျပာင္းလို ့ရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

Speaker က Messages ေတၢ pass လုပ္တိုင္းမွာ ၅၅% က nonverbal ေတၢ(body language )ျဖစ္ေလ့႐ွိျပီး ၊၃၈% က Speaker ရဲ ့ အသံ (Voice Influence/Tone of Voice) ျဖစ္လို ့က်န္ ၇% သာသာ ကေတာ့ တကယ္ေျပာတဲ့ Verbal words ေတၢျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင့္ Listeners ေတၢဟာ မိမိနဲ ့ေျပာမယ့္သူ ရဲ ့Body Lunguage (nonverbal messages ,gestures)ကို ရိပ္စားမိဖို ့အေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။ဒါေၾကာင့္ Sometimes ,Action speaks louder than words ဆိုတဲ့ စကားပံုေလးေပၚေပါက္လာပံုရပါတယ္။

ဒါေၾကာင့္

It is clear that we could increase our productivity through listening training because a large percentage of one's waking time is consumed by listening activities.

နားေထာင္ျခင္း(Listening)ဟာဘာေၾကာင့္အေရးၾကီးသလဲဆိုရင္ေအာက္ကအခ်က္ကေလးေတၢကိုၾကည့္ရင္း ေလ့လာႏိုင္ပါတယ္။

1. Listening enables us to be more effective in interpreting a message.

2. Listening enables us to gather data to make sound decisions.

3. Listening enables us to gain important information.

4. Listening enables us to respond appropriately to the messages we hear.

Listening ေကာင္းေကာင္းလုပ္ႏိုင္ဖို ့ကေတာ့

1. Look the part: Face the speaker and display feedback that the message is being heard and understood. Lean toward the speaker to show interest. Maintain eye contact at least 80 percent of the time. Do not distract the speaker with strange facial expressions and fidgeting.

2. Listen for nonverbal messages: Observe the speaker's body language, gestures, and the physical distance. Observe the speaker's facial expressions, eyes, mouths, and hands for hidden messages.

3. Listen for the main points: Filter out the nonessential and look for the principal message of the words.

4. Be silent before replying: Be certain that the speaker is completely finished speaking before you attempt to speak. Resist the temptation to interrupt unnecessarily.

5. Ask questions: It is appropriate to question the speaker in order to clarify meanings and reinforce messages heard.

6. Sense how the speaker is feeling: To receive the complete message, it is important to sift out any feelings the speaker is trying to convey. Determine what the speaker is not saying.

7. Take notes: Jotting down important ideas allows you to review the message at a later time and reinforces the information heard/learned.

8. Be available: To be spoken to, one must be available. Get out from behind your desk and papers. Stop your work and concentrate totally on the speaker.

Encourage others to listen by doing the following:
1. Lower your voice volume. It forces others to listen.

2. Make your talk interesting. Focus on your listener's favorite subject—him-or herself. Encourage others to participate by bringing them into the conversation.

3. Create the right environment. Speak where you can be easily heard and understood.

4. Be human to your listeners. Address people by name whenever possible; it helps to get their attention.

Listening ေကာင္းေကာင္းလုပ္တတ္ျပီဆိုရင္ ဘယ္လုပ္ငန္းမွာမဆို ထိထိေရာက္ေရာက္ အဆင္ေျပေျပေဆာင္႐ၢက္ႏိုင္မွာပါ။ဒါေပမယ့္ , patient listening is a rare thing, but it is a skill that can be developed with practice. တဲ့။

ဒီေတာ့ ဘယ္ေနရာမွာမဆိို ကိုယ္ကေျပာတတ္ဆိုတတ္႐ွိသေလာက္ေျပာျပီးရင္ (အထူးသျဖင့္ Business ၊နဲ ့လုပ္ငန္းေတၢမွာ)သူမ်ားေျပာတာကိုလည္းနားေထာင္လိုက္ပါဦး။Knowledges နဲ ့Ideas ေတၢပိုမိုတိုးတက္လာပါလိမ့္မယ္လ.ို ့ထင္ပါတယ္။ Listeners are always winners လို ့ၾကားဖူးတာေလးစကားလက္ေဆာင္ေပးရင္း နားဦးမယ္ခင္ဗ်ာ……See you later .

မိတ္ေဆၢမ်ားအားလံုး ေပ်ာ္ပါေစ
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
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Developing Your Telephone Skills အပိုင္း ၂

Developing Your Telephone Skills အပိုင္း ၂

Telephone မေခၚခင္မွာ ဘာေၾကာင့္ ေခၚရမွာလဲ (Why you are making the call )ဆိုတာအရင္သတိထားရပါမယ္။ဥပမာ -ေခၚဆိုရျခင္းက

To obtain /receive information လား ၊To return a call (ျပန္ေခၚတာလား) ၊To schedule an appointment (ခ်ိန္းဆိုဖို ့လား)၊ဒါမွမဟုတ္ To service a customer (၀န္ေဆာင္မွဳေပးဖို ့လား) စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ့။ဘာေၾကာင့္ပဲေခၚေခၚ(အလုပ္နဲ့ပတ္သက္လို ့) အရင္ဆံုး Positive attitude towards making the calls at the time you are making it .ကၽြန္ေတာ္တက္ဖူးတဲ့ Training မွာဆိုရင္ Telephone ကို 3 rings (သို ့) 10 seconds မျပည့္မီ ကိုင္ရမယ္ ဆိုတာနဲ. Telephone မေျဖခင္ အရင္ ျပံဳးလိုက္ပါတဲ့ (တစ္ဖက္ကကိုယ္ကိုမျမင္ရေတာင္) ။ဘာေၾကာင့္လဲဆိုေတာ့ Sensing (အရင္Postမွာေျပာခဲ့သလို)ေၾကာင့္ပါပဲ။Psychologically Effective ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ထားပါေတာ့။

အေရးၾကီးတာကေတာ့ Telephone ဆက္သၢယ္တဲ့အခါ Tones of Voice ကအေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။ခ်ိဳေနစရာ၊ၾကယ္ေလာင္စရာမလိုပါဘူး။ဒါေပမယ့္ Clear ျဖစ္ဖို ့နဲ့ စကားလံုးပီသဖ.ို လိုပါတယ္။တစ္ဖက္နဲ ့တစ္ဖက္ Mutual Understanding ျဖစ္ဖို ့ဆိုတာအေလးထားသင့္ပါတယ္။

ႏွစ္ပိုင္းခဲၢေျပာၾကည့္မယ္ေနာ္

ကိုယ္ကေခၚရင္ (When making a call )

1.Identify yourself immediately to get the call off to a positive start.

2.Tell the person why you are calling. Be specific.

3.Ask well-stated, appropriate questions to obtain the desired action.

4.Close the call in a friendly tone with an understanding between both parties of the action(s) that need to be taken.

ကိုယ္ကဖုန္းလက္ခံနားေထာင္မယ္ဆိုရင္ (When answering the phone)

1.Answer the telephone no later than the second/third ring.

2.Identify yourself in a friendly tone.

3.Use the caller's name.

4.Gather as much information as possible.

5.Do not interrupt the caller.

6.Give accurate information.

7.Thanks the caller at the end of every telephone conversations

ဆိုတာေတၢကိုသိထားရင္ Telephone Operator အလုပ္ေလ်ာက္လို ့ရျပီ။ ေဟး ေဟ့…

ဒီမွာ Organisation အၾကီးစားေတၢမွာ(သို ့)လုပ္ငန္းေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာ အသံုးျပဳေလ့႐ွိတဲ့ Standard Format ေလးကေတာ့

1.Good (Morning/Afternoon/Evening )

2.Company Name or Department (E.g - လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ Blog)

3.Name of the receiver (E.g - လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ is speaking)

4.May I help you ?/How can I assist you ? etc,,… ေပါ့ေလ…

ေနာက္ Screening Calls ဆိုတာ႐ွိေသးတယ္ ေထၢေထၢထူးထူးေတာ့မဟုတ္ပါဘူး Caller ကို သူေျပာခ်င္တဲ့ ဥပမာ -ကိိုယ့္ Boss ဆီ Transfer လုပ္ေပးသင့္မသင့္စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ့။ဒီမွာ Transfer လုပ္တယ္(Transferring Calls)ဆိုတာ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ Organisation Phone ေတၢက High –Tech ပဲ။Function မ်ိဳးစံုပါတယ္။အဲ့ဒီ့ System ေတၢကို သိထားရင္ေတာ့ OK ပဲ။

Transferring a call means that, for any number of reasons, it would be best for the caller to speak with someone else. It is important to be thoroughly familiar with the specific procedure for transferring a call.

Message Taking ဆိုတာကလည္း Telephone conversations ေတၢမွာ သိထား၊အေလးထားသင့္တဲ့အခ်က္ပဲေနာ္..

Today, messages may either be left as voice-mail messages for the person being called or written down by someone else. If you are writing down the message, use a telephone message form to fill in the appropriate parts. တဲ့

ေနာက္ေတာ့ Telephone calls ေတၢကလည္းဒီလိုကၢဲျပားေသးသတဲ့

1.Information calls: Calls you make to gather information require careful thought to determine exactly what information you are trying to obtain. (သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္အတၢက္ သို ့ ပံုမွန္ ေခၚၾကရင္)

2.Scheduling appointment calls: Know exactly when you want an appointment before you place the call. Have all information in front of you when you place the call. If you are making calls for another individual, notify that person of the scheduled appointment. Likewise, be certain you have carefully recorded on an appointment calendar the designated scheduled time as well as any special instructions. (ဥပမာ-Meeting ေတၢ၊ Interviews ေတၢ ကိုခ်ိန္းတာေပါ့)

3.Complaint calls: Often a complaint call can become a negative experience by nature of the call's very existence. Be prepared to deal with emotions in as positive a fashion as possible.(Complaint တက္တဲ့ ေခၚဆိုမွဳေတၢ)

4.Collection calls: Collecting money over the telephone is a challenging experience. Good questioning skills are of paramount importance in handling a collection call. (ဥပမာ- Bank ေတၢ၊pre-paid ဖုန္း၀န္ေဆာင္မွဳေတၢကလွမ္းေတာင္းတာေတၢ၊အေၾကၢးေတာင္းတာေတၢစသည္ေပါ့)

5.Telemarketing calls: Selling a product or service over the telephone is done by a skilled Salespersons called a telemarketer. Generally, telemarketers have been trained to deal with a wide variety of responses and situations.(Telephone ကေန Market ျဖန္. ့တာ၊အေရာင္းအားျမွင့္တာေပါ့)

6.Customer Service on the Telephone(ဒါကေတာ့ Hospitality Industry ေတၢမွာလုပ္ရင္ အေသးစိတ္ေလ့လာရမွာပါ)

Customer service is an extremely important aspect of telephone skills. This is the reason most businesses are in existence—to serve the customer. Good customer service via the telephone shows respect for the customer and builds business over time. Good customer service is provided by maintaining an excellent voice quality that is easy to understand and includes a pleasant tone spoken at a reasonable speed. Selecting appropriate vocabulary is also important. If words are used that are not understood, positive communication will not be conveyed. Listen intently when servicing a customer. Be prepared to offer responses that will be delivered in a positive manner. E.g – Reservation calls or calls for Booking

ဘယ္လိုအေၾကာင္းနဲ ့ပဲေျပာေျပာ ဒါေတၢကို သိထားသင့္ေသးတယ္

1. Always respond in a courteous and professional manner.

2. Give accurate information.

3. Be prepared to deal with rejection and negative responses.

4. Offer a variety of positive solutions.

5. End all calls courteously.

6. Thanks the caller at the end of every call

ေနာက္ဆံုးေတာ့ဒီ ေအာက္က Knowledge ေလးကို လက္ေဆာင္အျဖစ္ေပးလိုက္ရင္းနဲ ့ဒီ Post ကို ရပ္လိုက္ေတာ့မယ္ေနာ္

Tools for Effectively Making Telephone Calls

Incoming Telephone Calls

Be prepared to answer the telephone when it rings. Keep pens and message pads close by as well as telephone directories and other reference materials. Use an answering machine if you must be away from your desk.

Telephone numbers may be obtained from your own record, from directories, or from directory assistance.

Have the telephone number directly before you when you get ready to make the call. Developing your own personal telephone list is very helpful.

Telephone directories that contain both White Pages and Yellow Pages can also be sources of excellent information. Use the White Pages when you want to locate a specific name of a person. Use the Yellow Pages when you want to locate a product or service.

Directory assistance provides access to a telephone number by going through a directory assistance operator. Usually there is a fee for obtaining this information.

မိတ္ေဆၢမ်ားအားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ

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Developing Your Telephone Skills အပိုင္း ၁

Developing Your Telephone Skills အပိုင္း ၁

တယ္လီဖုန္းကို Alexander Graham Bell ဆိုသူ Scotland ႏိုင္္္ငံသား က ၁၈၇၆ မွာ ကမၻာကိုစတင္မိတ္ဆက္ခဲ့ရာကေန အားလံုးသိတဲ့အတိုင္း ယေန.အခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ကမၻာတစ္ရပ္လံုးမွာ အေရးပါအရာေရာက္လို.မသိသူမ႐ွိဆိုရေလာက္ေအာင္ကို နည္းပညာမ်ိဳးစံုနဲ ့ Company မ်ိဳးစံုကေနထုတ္လုုပ္ေနပါတယ္။

Telephone ဆိုတဲ့စကားေလးက Greek ေ၀ါဟာရ Far အေ၀းဆိုတာနဲ ့ Sounds အသံဆိုတာေလးေပါင္းစပ္လို ့ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာတယ္ဆိုပါတယ္။ ဒီေန ့အခ်ိန္မွာဆိုရင္ Telephones ေတၢဟာ ကမၻာတစ္၀န္းလံုးမွာ အလၢန္အေရးပါတဲ့ Communication Tools အေနနဲ ့အရၢယ္မ်ိဳးစံု၊အေရာင္မ်ိဳးစံု၊ပံုစံမ်ိဳးစံု၊ Functionsေတၢပါမ်ိဳးစံုေအာင္ ဆန္းသစ္လာၾကပါတယ္။ဥပမာ-Nokia , Sony Ericsson,Samsung,LG ,etc… စတဲ့ Phone Makers ေတၢဆိုရင္ တစ္ခါတစ္ရံ တစ္ပတ္ကို Design တစ္မ်ိဳး Function တစ္မ်ိဳးဆန္းသစ္လို ့ေတာင္ အျပိဳင္အဆိုင္ထုတ္လုပ္ေနတယ္လို.ေလ့လာရပါတယ္။

ထားပါေတာ့ အရင္ဆံုး Telephone ရဲ ့ ဖခင္ျဖစ္သူ Inventor , Alexander Graham Bell ရဲ ့အေၾကာင္းေလးကို အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ေလာက္ တင္ျပရင္းသူ ့ကို ဂါရ၀ျပဳခ်င္ပါတယ္။
ငယ္နာမည္ -Alexander Bell
ေမၢးေန ့ - ၁၈၄၇ ၊ မတ္လ ၃ ရက္ေန ့(ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ဒီ Post ေရးတဲ့ေန ့)
ေမၢးရပ္ - Edinburgh, Scotland
ဖခင္ -Alexander Melville Bell
Canada ကို 1870 မွာေျပာင္းရင္း ၁၈၇၁ မွာ သူက Boston, Massachusetts မွာ အၾကားအာရံုမရသူေတၢရဲ ့ဆရာအျဖစ္ လူ ့အသံေတၢကို Vibrations အျဖစ္ေျပာင္းေပးျခင္းကိုလုပ္ရင္းက Telephone ရဲ ့Idea ကို ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။

၁၈၇၅ မွာ Electrician ,Thomas Watson ဆိုသုူနဲ ့အတူအလုပ္လုပ္ကိုင္ရင္း Telephone ကို စတင္တီထၢင္ၾကည့္ခဲ့ရာကေန ၁၈၇၆ မွာ ေလလွိဳင္းေပၚကေနျပီးသူကထမဆံုး တီထၢင္ ရလိုက္တဲ့ ကမၻာ့ပထမဦးဆံုး Telephone ကေန သူ ့ရဲ့Partner Thomas Watson ကို
“Mr.Watson,come here ,I want you” ဆိုျပီးစမ္းသပ္ခန္းထဲကေန ေအာ္ေျပာလိုက္ျခင္းကစျ႔ပီး……………
Alexander Graham Bell ဟာ ၁၉၂၂ ၊ၾသဂုတ္လ ၂ ရက္ေန ့အသက္ ၇၅ႏွစ္အ႐ၢယ္မွာကၢယ္လၢန္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

ဒီေန ့ေဆၢးေႏၢးခ်င္တာေလးကေတာ့ အဲ့ဒီ့ Telephone ေလးကိုလုပ္ငန္းတၢင္း အသံုးျပဳရာမွာဘယ္လို အရည္အေသၢးေတၢ ၊ကၽြမ္းက်င္ပါးနပ္မွဳေတၢနဲ့အသံုးခ်ရမလဲဆိုတဲ့ Developing Effective Telephone Skills ေခါင္းစဥ္ရ Post ေလးကို ေဆၢးေႏၢးခ်င္ပါတယ္။ Strong communication skills will always be highly essential when using the telephones. Evolving technology will enhance the telephone in the future. ဆိုတာေၾကာင့္ အထူးသျဖင့္လုပ္ငန္းတၢင္းမွာဆိုရင္ပိုေတာင္အေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။

Effective telephone skills are predicated on strong communications skills. The four major means of communication are speaking, reading, writing, and listening—with listening being the most important part. ဆိုတဲ့အတိုင္း Listening နားေထာင္ျခင္းဆိုတာဟာ Telephone Communication Process မွာ အလၢန္အေရးပါပါတယ္။Listening ဆိုတဲ့ေနရာမွာ

1.Sensing (ခန္ ့မွန္းနားလည္တတ္ျခင္း)ဥပမာ -တစ္ဖက္က ဖုန္းေျပာေနသူက စိတ္ဆိုးေနလား၊ေၾကာက္႐ၢံ ့ေနလား ၊ၾကဴေနတာလား (ေနာက္တာ)စသည္ေပါ့။

2.Interpreting (ေျပာလာတဲ့ Messages ေတၢကို နားလည္မွတ္သား ႏိုင္မွဳနဲ.ျပန္လည္ေျဖၾကားႏိုင္မွဳ)ဥပမာ -ဘာသာစကားျခားနားမွဳတစ္ခုခုနဲ ့ေျပာဆိုျဖစ္တယ္ဆိုပါေတာ့ တစ္ဖက္က ဘာကိုဆိုလိုခ်င္တာလဲ၊ဘာ Messages ေတၢေပးခ်င္တာလဲ ဆိုတာကို နားေထာင္တတ္နားလည္တတ္ဖို ့ဆိုတာေပါ့

3.Evaluating (ေျပာလာသူရဲ ့Messages ေတၢေပၚမွာမူတည္လို ့ဘယ္လိုတုန္. ျပန္ေျပာဆိုသင့္တယ္ ဆိုတာ ကို Way ေရၢး ခ်ယ္လိုက္တယ္ ဆိုပါေတာ့)ဥပမာ- Complaint တက္တဲ့ Call မ်ိဳးဆိုရင္ ဘယ္လိုတုန.္ ံ့ျပန္ေျပာဆိုသင့္တယ္ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးေပါ့။ေနာက္ဥပမာ-ၾကဴေနတယ္ဆိုတာကို Sensing အရသိျပီဆိုရင္ Interpreting လုပ္ကာ နားလည္ျပီဆိုရင္ Evaluate လုပ္လို ့ ဘယ္လိုတုန္ ့ျပန္ရမယ္ဆိုတာ သိျပီးရင္ ေအာက္က 4. Responding(တုန္ ့ျပန္ေျပာဆိုျခင္း) အရမ္းအေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။ဘယ္ေနရာမွာဘယ္လိုျပန္ေျပာရမယ္ဆိုတာပါ။

အထူးသျဖင့္ Organisations and Companies ေတၢမွာဆိုရင္အထူးသတိျပဳစရာလိုပါတယ္။မ်က္ႏွာခ်င္းဆိုင္ Face to Face ေတၢ ့လို ့စကားအေျပာမွားရင္ ေက်နပ္တဲ့အထိ Face to face ေတာင္းပန္လို ့ရေပမယ့္ Telephone Conversations မွာမွားယၢင္းရင္တစ္ဖက္က Phone Call ကို Terminate ဖုန္းခ်လိုက္ျပီးရင္ ႏွစ္ခါေခၚဖို ့ဆိုတာ Business ေတၢလုပ္တဲ့အခါေတာ္ေတာ္စဥ္းစားစရာပါ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ Listening က Telephone Conversations ေတၢမွာ(တကယ္ေတာ့ေနရာတိုင္းမွာ-ေနာက္မွ Communication Skills ေရးျဖစ္ရင္ ေဆၢေႏၢးပါဦးမယ္)အလၢန္အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။

ဖုန္းေျပာစဥ္မွာ Listening ေကာင္းခ်င္ရင္ ေအာက္က Techniques ေလးေတၢကိုအရင္ေလ့လာသင့္ပါတယ္။(Telephone Operators သမားေတၢဆိုရင္ေတာ့ဒါမ်ိဳးေတၢကို သင္တန္းတက္ျပီးေတာင္ေလ့လာသင္ယူရေလ့႐ွိပါတယ္။ )
(၁) Listen carefully and actively လုပ္ဖို ့ Ready ျဖစ္ေနေအာင္ေနပါ

(၂) မိမိ ရဲ ့Emotions ကိုလည္းဘယ္လိုေနလဲဆိုတာသိထားရ၊သတိထားမိရပါမယ္။ေဒါသျဖစ္ျဖစ္နဲ ့ေျပာမိလိုက္တာမ်ိဳးမျဖစ္ရေအာင္ေပါ့

(၃) တစ္ဖက္ကေျပာေနတာကို ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာတိတိက်က် နားေထာင္ပါ

(၄) လိုအပ္ရင္၊နားမလည္လိုက္တာရွိရင္၊ မသဲကၢဲတာ႐ွိရင္(အေေၾကာင္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေၾကာင့္ေပါ့။ဥပမာ-လိုင္းမၾကည္လို့ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ဆူလို ့စသည္ျဖင့္ေပါ့) Ask Question if it is necessary.ေမးခၢန္းေမးပါ။ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာေလးျဖစ္ေအာင္လို ့။လိုအပ္ရင္တစ္ခ်ိဳ ့Messages ေတၢကိုခ်ေရးထားရင္ပိုေကာင္းပါတယ္။

ျပီးေတာ့ Three Parts of an Effective Telephone Call ဆိုတာေလးေျပာျပခ်င္ပါတယ္။

(Part 1) the introduction, in which both parties establish their identity and the convenience of the call

(Part 2) the purpose , which involves communicating needs by asking well constructed questions နဲ ့

(Parts 3) the conclusion, whereby both parties reach a verbal agreement on the points made during the call and any specific action that needs to be taken.

(It is equally important to listen attentively. Attentive listening can be demonstrated by speaking in such ways that the listener knows you are hearing. It is also an excellent idea to write down any questions you want to ask prior to beginning the call or during the call.) လို.မွတ္သားဖူးပါတယ္။
မျပီးေသးဘူး။ဖတ္ရတာပ်င္းမွာဆိုးလို ့ေနာက္ Post မွာ ဆက္လက္ေဆၢးေႏၢးပါမယ္။
မိတ္ေဆၢမ်ားအားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ
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Human Resources နဲ ့ပတ္သက္လို ့

ဒီေန ့ေတာ့ Human Resources Management(HRM) နဲ ့ပတ္သက္တဲ့အေျခခံ Dictionary(Terms)ေလးေတၢရလို.တင္ေပးလိုက္တယ္။ကၽြန္ေတာ္က HR ပိုင္းကို Theory ေလာက္ပဲပိုင္ျပီးလက္ေတၢ.မလုပ္ဘူးေတာ.အခုလုပ္ေနတဲ့သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတၢဆီမွာနည္းနည္းပါးပါး
ေလ့လာဘူးတယ္။
အခုဟာကBasic Terms ေတၢေလာက္ပဲ။ေနာက္မွအခ်ိန္ရရင္ ျပည့္ျပည့္စံုစံုေရးႏိုင္ေအာင္ေလ့လာဦးမယ္။ဒါေလးက အေကာင္ေသးေပမယ့္ ထိေတာ့ထိတယ္ဆိုျပီး HR မွာလုပ္ေနတဲ့မိတ္ေဆၢတစ္ေယာက္ကေတာ့ မဆိုးဘူးဆိုတာပဲ။
Chapter ေခါင္းစဥ္ေလးေတၢကိုၾကည့္ရင္း HR မွာတာ၀န္ယူရတဲ့ အပိုင္းေလးေတၢကိုကၽြန္ေတာ္သတိထားမိလာတယ္။
ကၽြန္ေတာ္Advanced Studies and Theories of Management and Admin: တက္ခဲ့တုန္းကေတာ့တခန္းေလာက္ေတာ့ေလ့လာခဲ့ဖူးျပီး Practical ကို နဲနဲေလးပဲတီးေခါက္မိေတာ့အမ်ားၾကီးဆက္ေလ့လာရဦးမယ္။HRM သိခ်င္တဲ့မိတ္ေဆၢေတၢအတၢက္ကေတာ့မိတ္ဆက္ေလးေပါ့။ဆရာၾကီးေတၢကေတာ့ ဒီ့ထက္ေကာင္းတဲ့ ဟာေတၢအမ်ားၾကီးပိုသိတယ္ဆိုတာေသခ်ာေတာ့ ဒီ Blog ကိုဖတ္ျပီးေလ့လာေနတဲ့ မိတ္ေဆၢေတၢကို အခန္.သင့္သလိုကူညီႏိုင္ပါတယ္လို .ေတာင္းဆိုရင္း လိုအပ္တယ္ဆိုတဲ့ ေလ့လာသူေတၢကို ကၽြန္ေတာ္ေ၀မွ်ခံစားလိုက္ရပါတယ္။

Human Resources Dictionary (TERMS ) ေလးေတၢပါ

မိတ္ေဆၢမ်ားအားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

Time Management တဲ့

Time Management တဲ့ ႐ွည္လိုက္တဲ့ စာအုပ္ၾကီး
ကၽြန္ေတာ္က Business Management and Hospitality Management ကိုစိတ္၀င္စားတယ္။ေလ့လာျဖစ္တယ္။ဒါနဲ ့မထင္မွတ္ပဲ oversea ေရာက္လာျဖစ္ျပီးအလုပ္လုပ္ရတယ္။ေနာက္ေတာ့ရတဲ့လစာတစ္ခ်ိဳ ့နဲ ့ပဲ Hospitality Management and Business Management ေက်ာင္းေတၢတက္ျဖစ္တယ္ဆိုပါေတာ့။ကံေကာင္းေတာ့အလုပ္ကလည္း Training ေတၢတအားတက္ခိုင္းတယ္။(ေနာက္တစ္ပတ္ထဲမွာ Leadership Skills Development Training ေလးတစ္ခုတက္ျဖစ္ရင္တက္ျဖစ္မယ္။If Yes ဆိုရင္ အဲ့ဒါေလးကို post တင္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ၾကိဳးစားပါဦးမယ္။)

ထားပါေတာ့ေျပာခ်င္တာကကၽြန္ေတာ္စာဖတ္တာ၀ါသနာပါတယ္။
ဒါေၾကာင့္စာအုပ္ေတၢအမ်ားႀကီး၀ယ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့တယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ႏိုင္ငံျခားမွာ Copy Rights ေၾကာင့္လားဘာလားေတာ့မသိဘူး Books ,especially business management books,are very very expensive if you compare with the prices in Myanmar ပဲ။လိုရင္းေျပာရရင္ေတာ့အခုကၽြန္ေတာ္ရထားတဲ့ ဖတ္ေနရင္းအိပ္ခ်င္လာမယ့္
Time Management by Ros Jay ၾကီးဆိုရင္ Golden Land မွာ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေစ်းႀကီးလိမ့္မယ္(Around 40-50 U$D)။ဒါေၾကာင့္ျပည္တၢင္းက ေလ့လာသူေတၢ အဆင္ေျပေအာင္ဆိုၿပီး တင္ေပးလိုက္တယ္။။မသိေသးပဲေလ့လာခ်င္တယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ Print ထုတ္ၿပီး Go Ahead ပဲ။သိထားရင္ေတာ့ အဲ့ဒီ့ေလ့လာေနတဲ့မိတ္ေဆၢေတၢကို လက္ဆင့္ကမ္းႏိုင္ပါေစလို ့။

Time Management နဲ့ပတ္သက္တာေတၢေတာ္ေတာ္ေလး Cover ျဖစ္တယ္။ကၽြန္ေတာ္ေတာ့ႀကိဳက္တယ္။
(အခုတေလာiPaperေတၢခ်ည္းပဲတင္ျဖစ္ေနတာကေတာ့စာေရးပ်င္းလို့မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။
အလုပ္တစ္ဖက္နဲဆိုေတာ့ေတာ္ေတာ္ကို
အခ်ိ္န္လုေနရတာ။ဒါေၾကာင့္လည္းဒီစာအုပ္ဖတ္ျဖစ္တာေပါ့။
ကိုယ့္ကိုယ္ကိုအရင္ပညာေပးေနရေသးတယ္ေလ။
ေနာင္မွာေတာ့ စိတ္ႀကိဳက္ post ေတၢကို ေကာင္းေကာင္းေရးၿပီးတင္ဦးမယ္။)

Beginners ေတၢအတၢက္ေတာ့ဖတ္လို ့သိပ္အဆင္ေျပခ်င္မွေျပမယ္။ေက်ာင္းတက္ေနတယ္ဆိုရင္ Mentor ကို အကူအညီေတာင္းရင္ပိုေကာင္းလိမ့္မယ္။ဒါေပမယ့္ အလုပ္လုပ္တဲ့အခ်ိန္ေရာက္ရင္တအားအသံုးတည့္တယ္။အထူးသျဖင့္ Organizations ေတၢထဲမွာ၊ဒါမွမဟုတ္ Management (Self and others) ပိုင္းတာ၀န္ယူထားရရင္ပိုေတာင္ဖတ္္သင့္တယ္လို ့Suggest /Recommend လုပ္လိုက္ရပါတယ္။


ကဲစျပီးၾကည့္လိုက္ႏိုင္ပါၿပီ...................

မိတ္ေဆၢမ်ားအားလံုး ေပ်ာ္ပါေစ..
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

Management Techniques ေတၢေခတ္အဆက္ဆက္ေျပာင္းလဲလာပံု ကိုေလ့လာၾကည့္ရေအာင္

Management(စီးပၢါးေရးလုပ္ငန္းေတၢမွာအသံုးခ်ရန္) ဘာသာရပ္ကိုစတင္ေလ့လာရင္ အရင္ဖတ္သင့္တဲ့ Post ေလးပါ။စီးပၢါးေရးလုပ္ငန္္းေတၢမွာအသံုးက်မယ္ထင္ျပီး၊Business Management ေလ့လာသုူေတၢ႐ွာေဖၢရတဲ့ခ်ိန္သက္သာေစဖို ့ ကၽြန္ေတာ္႐ွာရထားတဲ့ iPaper ေလး တင္ေပးလိုက္တယ္။ျမန္မာျပည္မွာေခတ္စားေနတဲ့ LCCI,ABE,MBA သင္တန္းတက္ေက်ာင္းသား/သူ ေတၢနဲ ့Business Management(စီးပၢါး/စီမံ)ေက်ာင္းသားေတၢေလ့လာသင့္တယ္ထင္ပါတယ္။ ။ဒီထက္မက ပိုေကာင္းတာေလးေတၢ႐ွိရင္လည္း ေ၀မွ်ေပးႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
အားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

Happy Valentine's Day

ဒါေလးေတၢကေတာ့ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ၾကိဳက္တဲ့ love quotes ေလးေတၢပါ.Valentine's Day အမွတ္တရေပါ့

Love... What is love?
Love is to love someone for who they are, who they were, and who they will be.

Say I love you and mean it,
don't just say it cause you can.

A friend is someone who knows the song in your heart and can sing it back to you when you have forgotten the words.

Very Happy Valentine's Day to you all ....
with best wishes
ခ်စ္သူမ်ားေန ့မွာ မိမိခ်စ္ျမတ္ႏိုးရသူမ်ားနဲ ့ ေပ်ာ္ပါေစ .......

လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

Leadership အေၾကာင္းစပ္မိစပ္ရာ

Leadership အေၾကာင္းစပ္မိစပ္ရာ iPaper ေလးၾကိဳက္တာေတၢ ့လို ့ွ့Share လုပ္လိုက္ပါတယ္

အထဲမွာ Leadership Theories ေတၢ အေျခခံကေနစျပီး ေတာ္ေတာ္စံုတာေတၢ ့ရေတာ့ Business Management ကိုသင္ၾကားေနသူေတၢ(ဥပမာ-LCCI,ABE,etc..)ေတၢနဲ ့ ဒီအေၾကာင္းအရာကိုေလ့လာခ်င္သူေတၢအတၢက္အသံုးတည့္မယ္လို.ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါတယ္။
Knowledge ေတၢ ေ၀မွ်ခ်င္ရင္လည္း l.k.phyu@gmail.com ကိုပို ့ေပးၾကဦေနာ္။
အားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

wine လုပ္တဲ့စပ်စ္သီးေတၢကိုiPaper နဲ ့ၾကည့္ရေအာင္

Wine လုပ္တဲ့စပ်စ္သီးေတၢကို ေသခ်ာျမင္ရေအာင္ေ၀ငွလိုက္ပါတယ္

အားလံုးေပ်ာ္ပါေစ...
လင္းၾကယ္ျဖဴ
www.lkphyu.blogspot.com

ဆက္လက္ဖတ္ရွဴရန္...

ၿပီးပါၿပီ...

Wine လုပ္ရာမွာအသံုးျပဳတဲ့ စပ်စ္သီး(Grapes)ေတၢအေၾကာင္း

ဟိုတေလာကအလုပ္နဲနဲမ်ားလို ့Postအသစ္တင္တာနဲနဲ delay ျဖစ္သၢားတာပါ..
ဒီေန ့ေတာ့ ဘာ post တင္ရမလဲလို ့စဥ္းစားရခက္ေနတုန္းမွာပဲ TV Channel တစ္ခုက Wineလုပ္တဲ့အေၾကာင္းနဲ. Wine လုပ္ရာမွာအသံုးျပဳတဲ့ စပ်စ္သီး(Grapes)ေတၢအေၾကာင္းျပတာၾကည့္လိုက္ရတာသၢားသတိရၿပီး အဲ့ဒီ့ Grapes ေတၢအေၾကာင္းကို Post တင္ခ်င္လာလို ့......ကဲ စလိုက္ရေအာင္..
Wine ပညာရပ္ဟာနက္နဲၿပီး ေလ့လာရခက္တာေၾကာင့္အရင္ဦးစၢာ grapes ေတၢအေၾကာင္းမေျပာခင္ wine basics ေလးသိသေလာက္ share ခ်င္ပါတယ္။ဒါေတာင္ေတာ္ေတာ္ေရးရမွာမို ့ အပိုင္းေတၢခၢဲမွဖတ္ရတာအဆင္ေျပလိမ့္မယ္။တတ္ႏိုင္သမွ်တိုတိုနဲ ့လိုရင္းတင္ျပေပးပါမယ္..သည္းခံျပီးဖတ္လိုက္ပါဦး..
ကဲဦးစၢာ Wine is classified into 4 categories
1. Still or Table wines -(Red , White or Rose)Light wines လို ့လည္းေခၚၾကတယ္။
2.Sparkling wines -(CO2(Carbon Dioxide)gas မ်ားမ်ား ပါၿပီး Bubble တက္တဲ့အမ်ိဳး,Champagne,Sparkling Wine ,Cava..etc)
3.Fortified Wine (Still or table wines ေတၢကိုပဲ Brandy or Alcohol ထပ္မံထည့္သၢင္းၿပီး distillation ျပန္လုပ္ထားတဲ့ အရက္ေတၢ e.g. Sherry ,Ports wines ,etc..)(Liqueur Wines လို ့လည္းေခၚၾကတယ္)
4.Aromatized wines (Liqueur wines also)-Table/still wines ေတၢ ကိုထပ္မံ Distillation လုပ္ထားၿပီး Herbs ,Spices အစရွိတဲ့ ရနံ ့ေတၢထည့္သၢင္းထားတာေတၢ....e.g ,Vermouth,စသည္ျဖင့္ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။">

အဲ့ဒီ့ထဲကမွ 1. Table /still wines (Red or White wines)ေတၢဘယ္လို လုပ္တယ္ဆိုတာကို သိသေလာက္ ီိိdefine လုပ္ ေျပာျပခ်င္ပါတယ္ (ေနာက္postေတၢက်မွ How to make wines ေတၢေရးဦးမယ္)။အရင္ဦးစၢာ..
What is wine?
Wine is the fermented(natural chemical reaction) alcoholic beverage produced from the juice of freshly picked grapes with a little assistance by people ..လို ့ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ဟာကၽြန္ေတာ္ ဘာသာျပန္ၾကည့္ခ်င္တယ္။>
ပထမဦးစၢာ Table Wines ေတၢမွာ အေရာင္သံုးမ်ိဳးနဲ ့Red ,White or Rose Wines ဆိုျပီးကဲၢျပားပါတယ္.
တူညီတဲ့အခ်က္ကေတာ့ အားလံုးက Grapes ေတၢနဲ ့လုပ္ထားတာပါပဲ။Grapes ေတၢကလည္းတစ္ႏိုင္ငံနဲ ့တစ္ႏိုင္ငံမတူညီပဲ အမ်ိဳးအစားေတၢကၢဲျပားသလို စိုက္ပ်ိဳးတဲ့နည္းလမ္းေတၢလည္းမတူညီပါဘူး..အဲ့ဒါေတၢေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး Wine ရဲ့ Character (အရသာ၊အနံ ့Flavours စတာ)ေတၢကလည္းကၢာျခားႏိုင္ပါတယ္။
Grapes ေပါင္းမ်ားစၢာ(ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္း)ရွိေပမယ့္ Grape ေလးတစ္လံုးကိုခၢဲျခမ္းစတ္ျဖာျပီး wine Terms အေခၚအေ၀ၚေတၢနဲ wine လုပ္ရာမွာဘာအာနိသင္ေတၢေပးတယ္ဆိုတာၾကည့္လိုက္ရေအာင္…
စပ်စ္သီးကို အလၢယ္အေရာင္ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးသတ္မွတ္ေလ့႐ွိပါတယ္ ။အနီေရာင္(Red or Black Grapes) နဲ ့အျဖဴေရာင္ (White Grapes ) ဆို ပါေတာ့။ဘာအေရာင္ပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္….
A grape contains
-Seeds (အေစ့) wine terms မွာ PIPS လို ့ေခၚတယ္ ။အခါးဓါတ္အဆီ(Bitter Oils) ေတၢသူ ့ဆီကရတယ္။
-Skin (အခၢံ) wine term မွာ Skin ပါပဲ။သူကေတာ့ wine ေတၢ ကိုcolour ကဲၢျပားေစတဲ့အရာပါပဲ။Wine ေတၢရဲ ့အနီ ေရာင္(Red) နဲ ့ ႏွင္းဆီ၊ပန္းႏုေရာင္(Rose) စတာေတၢဟာ အဲ့ဒီ့Skin ကေနကူးဆက္လာတဲ့အေရာင္ပါပဲ။(How to make wines အေၾကာင္းေနာက္မွာဆက္ေျပာဦးမယ္)ျပီးေတာ့ ။Tannin လို ့ေခၚတဲ့ ပါးစပ္ထဲမွာ ေျခာက္ကပ္ကပ္ျဖစ္သၢားေစတဲ့အာနိသင္ပါတယ္။(စပ်စ္သီး အခၢံခၢါျပီး သီးသန္ ့စားၾကည့္ပါ)။
-Stalk (အညွာ) – Tannin (အေပၚက Skin မွာလိုပဲ) ပါတယ္။
-Pulps (အသားလို ့ေျပာရမလား)wine ထုတ္လုပ္ရာမွာအဓိကက်တဲ့ အရည္(water) ၊သၾကားအခ်ိဳဓါတ္(Sugar)၊အသီးကAcid ဓါတ္(ခ်ဥ္ျပီး၊ပါးစပ္ထဲမွာအရည္ ႐ွၢမ္းေစတာ(ဘိုလိုဆိုေတာ့ Mouthwatering ျဖစ္ေစတဲ့ဓါတ္ေပါ့)၊ျပီးေတာ့ Proteins (အာဟာရေတၢလည္းပါတယ္)အဲ့ဒီ့အထဲမွာပါတဲ့ Sugar ဓါတ္က wine making process မွာ Yeast လို ့ေခၚတဲ့ တေစး(Alcohol ျဖစ္ေစဖို ့ဓါတ္ျပဳေပးတဲ့အရာ) နဲ ့ဓါတ္ျပဳရင္း အနဲ အမ်ားက်န္တဲ့ေပၚမူတည္လို ့wine character မွာ Sweet ,Medium and Dry Wine ဆိုျပီးကဲၢသၢားပါတယ္(ေနာက္ေတာ့အဲ့ဒီ့အေၾကာင္းသပ္သပ္ဆက္တာေပါ့)
ဒီ post က grapes ေတၢကို List လုပ္ျပခ်င္တာဆိုေတာ့ How to make the wines ကို ေနာက္ post တၢမွာ Share မယ္။ကမၻာေပၚမွာေရာင္းခ်ေနတဲ့ wine အားလုံးထဲကသံုးပံုႏွစ္ပံု ကို Europe ႏိုင္ငံေတၢကထုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။Europe ႏိုင္ငံေတၢထဲကသိသိသာသာ ထုတ္တဲ့ႏိုင္ငံေတၢ(ွSignificant wine producers within Europe)ကေတာ့ Italy,Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria, and Germany ဆိုပါေတာ့။တျခားကမၻာတလၢားက Leading wine producers(ထုပ္လုပ္မွုအမ်ားဆံုးႏိုင္ငံေတၢ)ကေတာ့
Argentina, Chile, USA, Australia and South Africa ေတၢပါပဲ။

Many styles of wines are produced around the world
, which suit people’s various preferences .Wine ရဲ ့ ေနာက္ဆံုး အရသာနဲ ့Style ,Character စတာေတၢေျပာင္းလၢဲကၢဲျပားျခင္း အေျခအေနေတၢဖန္တီးျဖစ္ေပၚေစတဲ.အခ်က္ေတၢ
{CLIMATE, GRAPE VARIETY , ANNUAL WEATHER CONDITIONS , SOIL , VITICULTURE (METHOD OF GROWING THE VINE) , VINIFICATION (METHOD OF TURNING GRAPES INTO WINE}ကိုေတာ့မွတ္ထားသင့္ပါတယ္။
By the way ,Nobel grapes လို ့ေခၚတဲ့ လူသိမ်ားျပီး အထင္႐ွားဆံုးနဲ ့ top grapes ေတၢကေတာ့
Chardonnay (Queen of the white grapes ) နဲ ့ Riesling
Cabernet Sauvignon (King of the Red Grapes ) နဲ ့ Pinot Noir (Champagne လုပ္ရာမွာသူ ့ကိုလည္းသံုးတယ္)

ကဲ post လဲနဲနဲ႐ွည္ေနျပီမို. (အိပ္လည္းအိပ္ခ်င္လာလို ့(ေနာက္တာ) PC ေ ့႐ွမွာလည္းၾကာျပီမို ့)အေပၚက The World Leading Wine Producing Countries ေတၢမွာစိုက္ပ်ိဳးေနတဲ့ Grapes Varieties ေတၢနဲ့ ့သူတို ့ကေန wine ကို Effect ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္တဲ့ Characters ေတၢကို A to Z တင္ ဆက္လိုက္ပါတယ္။အကုန္ေတာ့မဟုတ္ဘူး။မလိုအပ္ဖူးထင္လို ့ခ်န္ထားခဲ့တာေလးေတၢေတာ.ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား႐ွိတယ္(To be honest with you ).ဒါေပမယ့္ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေတာ့စံုပါတယ္…..ၾကည့္လိုက္ရေအာင္……….:)

Albariño
Spanish white wine grape that makes crisp, refreshing, and light-bodied wines.

Amarone
From Italy's Veneto Region a strong, dry, long- lived red, made from a blend of partially dried red grapes.

Asti Spumante
From the Piedmont Region of Italy, A semidry sparkling wine produced from the Moscato di Canelli grape in the village of Asti.

Barbera
Most successful in Italy's Piedmont region. High acidity, deep ruby color and full body, with low tannins & berrylike flavors.

Barbaresco
A red wine from the Piedmont Region of Italy, made from Nebbiolo grapes it is lighter than Barolo .

Barolo
Highly regarded Italian red, made from Nebbiolo grapes. It is dark, full-bodied and high in tannin and alcohol. Ages well.

Beaujolais
Typically light, fresh, fruity red wines from and area south of Burgundy, near Lyons, in eastern France. Areas: Beaujolais-Blanc, Beaujolais Villages, Brouilly, Chénas, Chiroubles, Fleurie, Juliénas, Mouliné-àVent, Morgon, Regnie, Saint Amour.


Brunello
This strain of Sangiovese is the only grape permitted for Brunello di Montalcino, the rare, costly Tuscan red. Luscious black and red fruits with chewy tannins.
Cabernet Franc
Red wine grape used in Bordeaux for blending with Cabernet Sauvignon. It is an earlier-maturing red wine, due to its lower level of tannins. Light- to medium-bodied wine with more immediate fruit than Cabernet Sauvignon and some of the herbaceous odors evident in unripe Cabernet Sauvignon.

Cabernet Sauvignon
Currant, Plum, Black Cherry & Spice, with notes of Olive, Vanilla Mint, Tobacco, Toasty Cedar, Anise, Pepper & Herbs. Full-bodied wines with great depth that improve with aging. Cabernet spends from 15 to 30 months aging in American & French Oak barrels which tend to soften the tannins, adding the toasty cedar & vanilla flavors.
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Carmenere
Also known as Grande Vidure, once widely planted in Bordeaux. Now primarily associated with Chile. Carmenere, was imported to Chile in the 1850's. Carmenere has been frequently mislabeled snf many growers and the Chilean government consider it
Merlot.

Chardonnay
Apple, Pear, Vanilla, Fig, Peach, Pineapple, Melon, Citrus, Lemon, Grapefruit, Honey, Spice, Butterscotch, Butter & Hazelnut. Chardonnay takes well to Oak aging & barrel fermentation and is easy to manipulate with techniques such as sur lie aging & malolactic fermentation.

Châteauneuf-du-Pape
The most famous wines of the southern Rhône Valley, are produced in and around the town of the same name (the summer residence of the popes during their exile to Avignon). The reds are rich, ripe, and heady, with full alcohol levels and chewy rustic flavors. Although 13 grape varieties are planted here, the principal varietal is Grenache, followed by Syrah, Cinsault and Mourvèdre (also Vaccarese, Counoise, Terret noir, Muscardin, Clairette, Piquepoul, Picardan, Rousanne, Bourboulenc).

Chenin Blanc
Native of the Loire where it's the basis of the famous whites: Vouvray, Anjou, Quarts de Chaume and Saumer. In other areas it is a very good blending grape. Called Steen in South Africa and their most-planted grape. California uses it mainly as a blending grape for generic table wines. It can be a pleasant wine, with melon, peach, spice and citrus. The great Loire wines, depending on the producer can be dry and fresh to sweet.

Chianti
From a blend of grapes this fruity, light ruby-to-garnet-colored red may be called Chianti Riserva when aged three or more years.

Chianti Classico
From a designated portion of the Chianti wine district. To be labeled Chianti Classico, both vineyard and winery must be within the specified region.

Colombard (French Colombard)
The second most widely planted white variety in California, nearly all of it for jug wines. It produces an abundant crop, nearly 11 tons per acre, and makes clean and simple wines.

Constantia
This legendary sweet wine from South Africa, was a favorite of Napoleon. It comes from an estate called Groot Constantia.

Eiswein
"Ice wine," A sweet German wine, made from grapes that have frozen on the vine. Freezing concentrates the sugars in the grapes prior to harvesting.

Frascati
An Italian fruity, golden white wine, may be dry to sweet.

Fumé Blanc
see Sauvignon Blanc

Gamay
Beaujolais makes its famous, fruity reds exclusively from one of the many Gamays available, the Gamay Noir à Jus Blanc. Low in alcohol and relatively high in acidity, the wines are meant to be drunk soon after bottling; the ultimate example of this is Beaujolais Nouveau, whipped onto shelves everywhere almost overnight. It is also grown in the Loire, but makes no remarkable wines. The Swiss grow it widely, for blending with Pinot Noir; they often chaptalize the wines.

Gamay Beaujolais
A California variety that makes undistinguished wines. Primarily used for blending.

Gattinara
A Piedmont red made from Nebbiolo blended with other grapes. Powerful and long-lived.

Gewürztraminer
A distinctive floral bouquet & spicy flavor are hallmarks of this medium-sweet wine. Grown mainly in Alsace region of France & Germany, and also in California, Eastern Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

Grenache
Used mainly for blending and the making of Rose and Blush Wines in California, while in France it is blended to make Chateauneuf-du-Pape. Originally from Spain is the second most widely grown grape in the world. It produces a fruity, spicy, medium-bodied wine.

Lambrusco
A fizzy, usually red, dry to sweet wine from northern Italy, made from the grape of the same name.

Liebfraumilch
A blended German white, semisweet and fairly neutral, which accounts for up to 50 percent of all German wine exports.

Malbec
Once important in Bordeaux and the Loire in various blends, this not-very-hardy grape has been steadily replaced by Merlot and the two Cabernets. However, Argentina is markedly successful with this varietal. In the United States Malbec is a blending grape only, and an insignificant one at that, but a few wineries use it, the most obvious reason being that it's considered part of the Bordeaux-blend recipe.

Marsanne
A full-bodied, moderately intense wine with spice, pear and citrus notes. Popular in the Rhône & Australia (especially Victoria) has some of the world's oldest vineyards. California's "Rhône-Rangers" have had considerable success with this variety.
a U.S. appellation. Be limited to a maximum of 25,000 cases produced per vintage.

Merlot
Herbs, Green Olive, Cherry & Chocolate. Softer & medium in weight with fewer tannins than Cabernet and ready to drink sooner. Takes well to Oak aging. It is frequently used as a blending wine with Cabernet to soften

Muscat
Also known as Muscat Blanc and Muscat Canelli. With pronounced spice and floral notes it can also be used for blending. A versatile grape that can turn into anything from Asti Spumante and Muscat de Canelli to a dry wine like Muscat d'Alsace.

Nebbiolo
The great grape of Northern Italy, which excels there in Barolo and Barbaresco, strong, ageable wines. Mainly unsuccessful elsewhere, Nebbiolo also now has a small foothold in California. So far the wines are light and uncomplicated, bearing no resemblance to the Italian types.

Pinot Blanc
Similar flavor and texture to Chardonnay it is used in Champagne, Burgundy, Alsace, Germany, Italy and California and can make a excellent wines. It can be intense, and complex, with ripe pear, spice, citrus and honey notes.

Pinot Grigio/Pinot Gris
At its best this varietal produces wines that are soft, perfumed with more color than most other white wines. Grown mainly in northeast Italy, but as Pinot Gris it is grown in Alsace & known as Tokay.

Pinot Meunier
Grown in the Champagne region of France, it is blended with Pinot Noir and Chardonnay to add fruit flavors to champagne.

Pinot Noir
This is the great, noble grape of Burgundy. Difficult to grow but at its best it is smooth & richer than Cabernet Sauvignon with less tannin. Raisin like flavors with undertones of black cherry, spice & raspberry. Widely used in the making of champagne sparkling wines.

Pinotage
A cross between Pinot Noir and Cinsault. Grown in South Africa. Fermented at higher temperatures and aged in new oak for finesse and wonderful berry flavors.

Sangiovese
Known for its supple texture, medium to full-bodied spice flavors, raspberry cherry & anise. Sangiovese is used in many fine Italian wines including Chianti.

Sauterns
A blend of mostly Sémillon and Sauvignon Blanc grapes, affected by Botrytis cinerea, which concentrates the wine's sweetness and alcohol.

Sauvignon Blanc
Grassy & herbaceous flavors and aromas mark this light and medium-bodied wine, sometimes with hints of gooseberry & black currant. In California it is often labeled Fume Blanc. New Zealand produces some of the finest Sauvignon Blancs in a markedly fruity style.

Sémillon
The foundation of Sauternes, and many of the dry whites of Graves and Pessac-Léognan. It can make a wonderful late-harvest wine, with complex fig, pear, tobacco and honey notes. As a blending wine it adds body, flavor and texture to Sauvignon Blanc. It may be blended with Chardonnay, but does not add much to the flavor.
.
Soave
A straw-colored dry white wine Italy's Veneto Region. Symphony Symphony is a U. C. Davis clone. In 1948, the Muscat of Alexandria and Grenache Gris grapes were combined to create this delicate Muscat flavor. It's very distinctive

Trebbiano
Trebbiano in Italy and Ugni Blancin France. Found in almost any basic white Italian wine, and is actually a sanctioned ingredient of the blend used for Chianti. In France, it is often called St.Émilion, and used for Cognac and Armagnac brandy.

Valpolicella
A light, semidry red from Italy's Veneto Region, typically drunk young.

Verdicchio
Italian white that produces a pale, light-bodied, crisp wine.

Viognier
Viognier, is one of the most difficult grapes to grow. It makes a floral and spicy white wine, medium to full-bodied and very fruity, with apricot and peach aromas.

Zinfandel
With predominant raspberry flavors and a spicy aroma, Zinfandels can be bold and intense as well as light and fruity. It takes well to blending bringing out flavors of cherry, wild berry & plum with notes of leather, earth & tar. It is the most widely grown grape in California. Much of it is turned into White Zinfandel, a blush wine that is slightly sweet.

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